Piperidine derivatives useful as CCR5 antagonists

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a compound of the formula 
                         
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 9 , R 10 , A and B are as defined in the specification. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound of this invention, and methods of treatment using the compound of this invention. The invention also relates to the use of a combination of a compound of this invention and one or more antiviral or other agents useful in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The invention further relates to the use of a compound of this invention, alone or in combination with another agent, in the treatment of solid organ transplant rejection, graft v. host disease, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, asthma, allergies or multiple sclerosis.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The following application is a Divisional Application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/229,466, filed Aug. 28, 2002 now abandoned,which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 60/315,683, filedAug. 29, 2001.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to piperidine derivatives useful asselective CCR5 antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions containing thecompound of this invention, and methods of treatment using the inventivecompounds. The invention also relates to the use of a combination of thecompound of this invention and one or more antiviral or other agentsuseful in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Theinvention further relates to the use of the compound of this invention,alone or in combination with another agent, in the treatment of solidorgan transplant rejection, graft v. host disease, arthritis, rheumatoidarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis,asthma, allergies or multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The global health crisis caused by HIV, the causative agent of AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is unquestioned. While recent advancesin drug therapies have been successful in slowing the progression ofAIDS, there is still a need to find a safer, more efficient, lessexpensive way to control the virus.

It has been reported that the CCR5 gene plays a role in resistance toHIV infection. HIV infection begins by attachment of the virus to atarget cell membrane through interaction with the cellular receptor CD4and a secondary chemokine co-receptor molecule, and proceeds byreplication and dissemination of infected cells through the blood andother tissue. There are various chemokine receptors, but formacrophage-tropic HIV, believed to be the key pathogenic strain thatreplicates in vivo in the early stages of infection, the principalchemokine receptor required for the entry of HIV into the cell is CCR5.Therefore, interfering with the interaction between the viral receptorCCR5 and HIV can block HIV entry into the cell. The present inventionrelates to small molecules which are CCR5 antagonists.

CCR5 receptors have been reported to mediate cell transfer ininflammatory diseases such as arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, atopicdermatitis, psoriasis, asthma and allergies. Inhibitors of suchreceptors are expected to be useful in the treatment of such diseases,and in the treatment of other inflammatory diseases or conditions suchas inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, solid organtransplant rejection and graft v. host disease.

Other piperidine derivatives, which are muscarinic antagonists useful inthe treatment of cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,883,096, 6,037,352, 5,889,006, 5,952,349,and 5,977,138.

A-M. Vandamme et al., Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy, 9:187-203(1998) disclose current clinical treatments of HIV-1 infections in manincluding at least triple drug combinations or so-called Highly ActiveAntiretroviral Therapy (“HAART”). HAART involves various combinations ofnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (“NRTI”), non-nucleosidereverse transcriptase inhibitors (“NNRTI”) and HIV protease inhibitors(“PI”). In compliant drug-naive patients, HAART is effective in reducingmortality and the progression of HIV-1 to AIDS. However, these multidrugtherapies do not eliminate HIV-1 and long-term treatment usually resultsin multidrug resistance. Development of new drug therapies to providebetter HIV-1 treatment remains a priority.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel class of compounds as antagonistsof the CCR5 receptor, methods of preparing such compounds,pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more such compounds, andmethods of treatment, prevention or amelioration of one or more diseasesassociated with the CCR5 receptor.

One aspect of the invention relates to a compound having the generalstructure shown in Formula 1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein: R¹ is

R² is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,heteroarylalkyl, alkylketone, arylketone, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,alkoxyalkyl, or amide;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, 6-membered heteroaryl,fluorenyl; and diphenylmethyl, 6 membered heteroaryl-N-oxide,

wherein said aryl, fluorenyl, diphenyl or heteroaryl is optionallysubstituted with 1-4 substituents which can be the same or different andare independently selected from the group consisting of R¹¹, R¹², R¹³,R¹⁴ and R¹⁵;

R⁴ is 1-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halo,alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, amide, CF₃,OCF₃, aryl, heteroaryl, —XR⁷, —C(O)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl,—C(O)C₃-C₈cycloheteroalkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R²¹)SO₂R²²,—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(O)NR²⁰R²¹, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²², R⁸-aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-,R⁸-heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, R⁸-aryl-C(O)—, —C(O)NR²¹R²², —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)N(H)OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl -N(R )C(O)R²²,—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R²¹)CO R²², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N(R²¹)C(O)NR²¹R²²,—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NR²¹ R²², —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-NH₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylSO₂NR²¹R²² and—SO₂NR²¹R²², wherein R⁴ can be the same or different and isindependently selected when there is more than one R⁴ present;

R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of H, arylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,R⁸-aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, R⁸-heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—SO₂—(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, —SO₂-aryl, R⁸-aryl-SO₂—, —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—C(O)—(C₄-C₆)cycloalkyl, R⁸-aryl-C(O)—, —C(O)NR²¹R²², and —SO₂NR²¹R²²;

R⁶ is H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl;

R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, substituted aryl,heteroaryl, alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl;

R⁸ is 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of H,halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —CF₃, —OCF₃, CH₃C(O)—, —CN, CH₃SO₂—,CF₃SO₂— and —NH₂, wherein R⁸ can be the same or different and isindependently selected when there are more than one R⁸ present;

-   -   R⁹, R¹⁰ and B can be the same or different and are each        independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl;

R¹¹ and R¹² can be the same or different and are each independentlyselected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,halogen, —NR¹⁹R²⁰, —OH, CF₃, —OCH₃, —O-acyl, and —OCF₃;

R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R¹¹, H, phenyl,—NO₂, —CN, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CHO, —CH═NOR₁₉, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, N(R₂₀)CONR₂₀R₂₁, —NHCONH(chloro-(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—NHCONH((C₃-C₁₀)-cycloalkyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl), —NHCO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NHCOCF₃,—NHCOCF₃, —NHSO₂N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, —NHSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(SO₂CF₃)₂,—NHCO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —SR²², —SOR²²,—SO₂R²², —SO₂NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —OSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —OSO₂CF₃,hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl ,—CONR¹⁹R²⁰, —CON(CH₂CH₂—O—CH₃)₂,—OCONH(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —CO₂R₁₉, —Si(CH₃)₃ and —B(OC(CH₃)₂)₂;

R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl —NH₂ and R¹⁵-phenyl;

R¹⁵ is 1-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —CF₃, —CO₂R²⁰, —CN, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy andhalogen; wherein R¹⁵ can be the same or different and is independentlyselected when there are more than one R¹⁵ present;

R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ can each be the same or different and are each independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (C₁-C₆)alkyl, or

R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ together are a C₂-C₅ alkylene group and with the carbon towhich they are attached from a spiro ring of 3 to 6 carbon atoms;

R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ can each be the same or different and are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl;

R²² is selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)hydroxyalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkylene,(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, aryl and aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-;

A is selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkenyl.

M is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with R⁴;

Q is CH or N; and

X is selected from the group consisting of CH₂ SO₂, SO, S, and O, withthe following proviso:

when R¹ is phenyl, pyridyl, thiophenyl or naphthyl, R² cannot be H,—(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical compositionfor treatment of HIV comprising one or more compounds of formula I.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treatingHuman Immunodeficiency Virus comprising administering to a patient inneed of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of one or morecompounds of formula I. A further aspect of the invention relates to amethod of treating solid organ transplant rejection, graft v. hostdisease, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease,atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, asthma, allergies or multiple sclerosiscomprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I.

Still another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treatingHuman Immuno-deficiency Virus comprising administering to a patient inneed of such treatment the one or more compounds of formula I incombination with one or more antiviral or other agents useful in thetreatment. A further aspect of this invention relates to a method oftreating solid organ transplant rejection, graft v. host disease,arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atopicdermatitis, psoriasis, asthma or allergies comprising administering to apatient in need of such treatment one or more compounds of formula I incombination with one or more antiviral or other agents useful in thetreatment.

The CCR5 and antiviral or other agents which are components of thecombination can be administered in a single dosage or administeredseparately. A kit comprising separate dosage forms of the actives isalso contemplated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a compound having the general structureshown in Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein:wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁹, R¹⁰, A and B are defined as above.

When R₁ is

Q is preferably CH or N, and R² is preferably alkyl, aryl or benzyl.

When R₁ is M-R⁴, R2 is preferably benzyl, phenyl or cyclopropylmethly.

As used herein, the following terms are used as defined below unlessotherwise indicated.

-   -   “Alkyl” means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be        straight or branched and comprising 1 to about 20 carbon atoms        in the chain. Preferred alkyl groups contain 1 to about 12        carbon atoms in the chain. More preferred alkyl groups contain 1        to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched alkyl means that        one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl,        are attached to a linear alkyl chain. “Lower alkyl” means a        group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which        may be straight or branched. Preferred alkyl groups in the        present invention are lower alkyl groups. Non-limiting examples        of suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,        isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, decyl,        trifluoromethyl and cyclopropylmethyl.

“Halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo groups. Preferred arefluoro, chloro or bromo, and more preferred are fluoro and chloro.

“Halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Preferred arefluorine, chlorine or bromine, and more preferred are fluorine andchlorine.

“Haloalkyl” or “halogenated alkyl” means alkyl having one or more haloatom substituents. Preferably, the haloalkyl is a haloalkyl.Non-limiting examples include —CH₂Cl, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃,—CH₂—CH₂F, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃ and —CF₂CF₃.

“Ring system substituent” means a substituent attached to an aromatic ornon-aromatic ring system which, for example, replaces an availablehydrogen on the ring system. Ring system substituents may be the same ordifferent, each being independently selected from the group consistingof aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, alkylamino, arylamino, alkylaryl,aralkenyl, heteroaralkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heteroaralkenyl, hydroxy,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, aralkyloxy, acyl, aroyl, halo,nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl,aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl,alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfinyl, alkylthio, arylthio,heteroarylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkylthio, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, Y₁Y₂N—, Y₁Y₂N-alkyl-, Y₁Y₂NC(O)— and Y₁Y₂NSO₂—, wherein Y₁and Y₂ may be the same or different and are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl.

“Cycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic fused ring systemcomprising 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 7 ring carbonatoms, more preferably 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl can beoptionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” whichmay be the same or different, and are as defined above. Non-limitingexamples of suitable monocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. Non-limiting examplesof suitable multicyclic cycloalkyls include 1-decalinyl, norbornenyl,adamantyl and the like.

“Cycloheteroalkyl” means a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic fused ringsystem comprising 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 7 ringcarbon atoms, more preferably 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, wherein thecycloheteroaryl has 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, Sor N, said heteroatom(s) interrupting a carbocyclic ring structureprovided that the rings do not contain adjacent oxygen and/or sulfuratoms. The cycloheteroalkyl can be optionally substituted with one ormore “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, andare as defined above.

“Aryl” means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring systemcomprising 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 10 ring carbonatoms. The aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more“ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and areas defined herein. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryl groups includephenyl and naphthyl.

“Heteroaryl” represents cyclic aromatic groups of 5 or 6 ring atoms orbicyclic groups of 11 to 12 ring atoms having 1 or 2 heteroatomsindependently selected from O, S or N, said heteroatom(s) interrupting acarbocyclic ring structure and having a sufficient number of delocalizedpi electrons to provide aromatic character, provided that the rings donot contain adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms. Preferred heteroarylscontain 5 to 6 ring atoms. The “heteroaryl” can be optionallysubstituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be thesame or different, and are as defined herein. The prefix aza, oxa orthia before the heteroaryl root name means that at least a nitrogen,oxygen or sulfur atom respectively, is present as a ring atom. Nitrogenatoms can form an N-oxide. All regioisomers are contemplated, e.g.,2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl. Useful 6-membered heteroaryl groupsinclude pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and the like andthe N-oxides thereof. Useful 5-membered heteroaryl rings include furyl,thienyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl,isoxazolyl and the like. Useful bicyclic groups include benzo-fused ringsystems derived from the heteroaryl groups named above, e.g. quinolyl,phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl and thelike.

Amide is represented by RCONH₂ wherein one or both of the hydrogen atomsin RCONH₂ can be substituted by an alkyl group and alkyl has the samemeaning as defined above.

Arylalkyl or aralkyl represents a moiety containing an aryl group linkedto the main group or ring via an alkyl.

Alkylketone represents a moiety containing an alkyl group linked to themain group or ring via a ketone.

Arylketone represents a moiety containing an aryl group linked to themain group or ring via a ketone.

Alkylaryl represents a moiety containing an alkyl linked to the maingroup or ring via an aryl group.

Heteroarylalkyl represents a moiety containing a heteroaryl group linkedto the main group or ring via an alkyl.

The term “optionally substituted” means optional substitution with thespecified groups, radicals or moieties.

The term “solvate” as used herein means an aggregate that consists of asolute ion or molecule with one or more solvent molecules, for example,a hydrate containing such ions.

As used herein, the terms “composition” and “formulation are intended toencompass a product comprising the specified ingredients, as well as anyproduct which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of thespecified ingredients.

“Patient” includes mammals and other animals.

“Mammal” includes humans and other mammalian animals.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” is intended to mean anamount of a therapeutic agent of the compound of formula I that willhave an effect on a tissue, system, animal or patient that is beingsought by the administrator (such as a researcher, doctor orveterinarian), which includes alleviation of the symptoms of thecondition or disease being treated and the prevention, slowing orhalting of progression of the disease or condition, for example, theinflammatory, immunomodulatory or respiratory diseases discussed herein.

Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are alsocontemplated within the scope of this invention. The term “prodrug”, asemployed herein, denotes a compound that is a drug precursor which, uponadministration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolicor chemical processes to yield a compound of formula I or a salt and/orsolvate thereof. A discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi andV. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) Volume 14 of theA.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design,(1987) Edward B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Association andPergamon Press, both of which are incorporated herein by referencethereto.

The compounds of formula I can form salts, solvates and prodrugs whichare also within the scope of this invention. Reference to a compound offormula I herein is understood to include reference to salts, solvatesand prodrugs thereof, unless otherwise indicated.

The term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed withinorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed withinorganic and/or organic bases. In addition, when a compound of formulaI contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to, a pyridineor imidazole, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to acarboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and areincluded within the term “salt(s)” as used herein. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts arepreferred, although other salts are also useful. Salts of the compoundsof the formula I may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound offormula I with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount,in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueousmedium followed by lyophilization.

Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, adipates, alginates,ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulforiates, bisulfates,borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates,cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates,ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates,hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides,hydroiodides, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, maleates,methanesulfonates, 2-naphthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, nitrates,oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, 3-phenylpropionates, phosphates,picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates,sulfonates (such as those mentioned herein), tartarates, thiocyanates,toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates,) undecanoates, and the like.Additionally, acids which are generally considered suitable for theformation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceuticalcompounds are discussed, for example, by S. Berge et al, Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. ofPharmaceutics (1986) 33 201-217; and Anderson et al, The Practice ofMedicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York). These disclosuresare incorporated herein by reference thereto.

Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such assodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such ascalcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example,organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines(formed with N,N-bis(dehydroabietyl)ethylenediamine),N-methyl-D-glucamines, N-methyl-D-glucamides, t-butyl amines, and saltswith amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basicnitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as loweralkyl halides (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromidesand iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, anddiamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g. decyl, lauryl, myristyl andstearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g. benzyland phenethyl bromides), and others.

All such acid salts and base salts are intended to be pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts within the scope of the invention and all acid and basesalts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the correspondingcompounds for purposes of the invention.

Compounds of formula I, and salts and solvates and prodrugs thereof, mayexist in their tautomeric form (for example, as an amide or iminoether). All such tautomeric forms are contemplated herein as part of thepresent invention.

All stereoisomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers andthe like) of the present compounds (including those of the salts,solvates and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts and solvatesof the prodrugs), such as those which may exist due to asymmetriccarbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which mayexist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms,atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within thescope of this invention. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds ofthe invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers,or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or otherselected, stereoisomers. The chiral centers of the present invention canhave the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974Recommendations. The use of the terms “salt”, “solvate” “prodrug” andthe like, is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate and prodrugof enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, racemates orprodrugs of the inventive compounds.

The term “nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors”(“NRTI” s) as used herein means nucleosides and nucleotides andanalogues thereof that inhibit the activity of HIV-1 reversetranscriptase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of viralgenomic HIV-1 RNA into proviral HIV-1 DNA.

Typical suitable NRTIs include zidovudine (AZT) available under theRETROVIR tradename from Glaxo-Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle, N.C.27709; didanosine (ddI) available under the VIDEX tradename fromBristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, N.J. 08543; zalcitabine (ddC)available under the HIVID tradename from Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley,N.J. 07110; stavudine (d4T) available under the ZERIT trademark fromBristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, N.J. 08543; lamivudine (3TC)available under the EPIVIR tradename from Glaxo-Welcome ResearchTriangle, N.C. 27709; abacavir (1592U89) disclosed in WO96/30025 andavailable under the ZIAGEN trademark from Glaxo-Wellcome ResearchTriangle, N.C. 27709; adefovir dipivoxil [bis(POM)-PMEA] available underthe PREVON tradename from Gilead Sciences, Foster City, Calif. 94404;lobucavir (BMS-180194), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitordisclosed in EP-0358154 and EP-0736533 and under development byBristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, N.J. 08543; BCH-10652, a reversetranscriptase inhibitor (in the form of a racemic mixture of BCH-10618and BCH-10619) under development by Biochem Pharma, Laval, Quebec H7V,4A7, Canada; emitricitabine [(−)-FTC] licensed from Emory Universityunder Emory Univ. U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,639 and under development byTriangle Pharmaceuticals, Durham, N.C. 27707; beta-L-FD4 (also calledbeta-L-D4C and named beta-L-2′,3′-dicleoxy-5-fluoro-cytidene) licensedby Yale University to Vion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven Conn. 06511; DAPD,the purine nucleoside, (−)-beta-D-2,6,-diamino-purine dioxolanedisclosed in EP 0656778 and licensed by Emory University and theUniversity of Georgia to Triangle Pharmaceuticals, Durham, N.C. 27707;and lodenosine (FddA),9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-b-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine, an acid stablepurine-based reverse transcriptase inhibitor discovered by the NIH andunder development by U.S. Bioscience Inc., West Conshohoken, Pa. 19428.

The term “non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors” (“NNRTI”s) asused herein means non-nucleosides that inhibit the activity of HIV-1reverse transcriptase.

Typical suitable NNRTIs include nevirapine (BI-RG-587) available underthe VIRAMUNE tradename from Boehringer Ingelheim, the manufacturer forRoxane Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 43216; delaviradine (BHAP, U-90152)available under the RESCRIPTOR tradename from Pharmacia & Upjohn Co.,Bridgewater N.J. 08807; efavirenz (DMP-266) a benzoxazin-2-one disclosedin WO94/03440 and available under the SUSTIVA tradename from DuPontPharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, Del. 19880-0723; PNU-142721, afuropyridine-thio-pyrimide under development by Pharmacia and Upjohn,Bridgewater N.J. 08807; AG-1549 (formerly Shionogi #S-1153);5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-thio-4-isopropyl-1-(4pyridyl)methyl-IH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl carbonate disclosed in WO 96/10019 and underclinical development by Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., LaJolla Calif.92037-1020; MKC-442(1−(ethoxy-methyl)-5-(1-methylethyl)-6-(phenylmethyl)-(2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione)discovered by Mitsubishi Chemical Co. and under development by TrianglePharmaceuticals, Durham, N.C. 27707; and (+)-calanolide A (NSC-675451)and B, coumarin derivatives disclosed in NIH U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,697,licensed to Med Chem Research, which is co-developing (+) calanolide Awith Vita-invest as an orally administrable product.

The term “protease inhibitor” (“PI”) as used herein means inhibitors ofthe HIV-1 protease, an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage ofviral polyprotein precursors (e.g., viral GAG and GAG Pol polyproteins),into the individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV-1. HIVprotease inhibitors include compounds having a peptidomimetic structure,high molecular weight (7600 daltons) and substantial peptide character,e.g. CRIXIVAN(available from Merck) as well as nonpeptide proteaseinhibitors e.g., VIRACEPT (available from Agouron).

Typical suitable P is include saquinavir (Ro 31-8959) available in hardgel capsules under the INVIRASE tradename and as soft gel capsules underthe FORTOVASE tradename from Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, N.J.07110-1199; ritonavir (ABT-538) available under the NORVIR tradenamefrom Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill. 60064; indinavir (MK639)available under the CRIXIVAN tradename from Merck & Co., Inc., WestPoint, Pa. 19486-0004; nelfnavir (AG-1343) available under the VIRACEPTtradename from Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., LaJolla Calif. 92037-1020;amprenavir (141W94), tradename AGENERASE, a non-peptide proteaseinhibitor under development by Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge,Mass. 02139-4211 and available from Glaxo-Wellcome, Research Triangle,N.C. under an expanded access program; lasinavir (BMS-234475) availablefrom Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, N.J. 08543 (originally discoveredby Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (CGP-61755); DMP-450, a cyclic ureadiscovered by Dupont and under development by Triangle Pharmaceuticals;BMS-2322623, an azapeptide under development by Bristol-Myers Squibb,Princeton, N.J. 08543, as a 2nd-generation HIV-1 PI; ABT-378 underdevelopment by Abbott, Abbott Park, Ill. 60064; and AG-1549 an orallyactive imidazole carbamate discovered by Shionogi (Shionogi #S-1153) andunder development by Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., LaJolla Calif.92037-1020.

Other antiviral agents include hydroxyurea, ribavirin, IL-2, IL-12,pentafuside and Yissum Project No. 11607. Hydroyurea (Droxia), aribonucleoside triphosphate reductase inhibitor, the enzyme involved inthe activation of T-cells, was discovered at the NCI and is underdevelopment by Bristol-Myers Squibb; in preclinical studies, it wasshown to have a synergistic effect on the activity of didanosine and hasbeen studied with stavudine. IL-2 is disclosed in Ajinomoto EP-0142268,Takeda EP-0176299, and Chiron U.S. Pat. Nos. RE 33,653, 4,530,787,4,569,790, 4,604,377, 4,748,234, 4,752,585, and 4,949,314, and isavailable under the PROLEUKIN (aldesleukin) tradename from Chiron Corp.,Emeryville, Calif. 94608-2997 as a lyophilized powder for IV infusion orsc administration upon reconstitution and dilution with water; a dose ofabout 1 to about 20 million IU/day, sc is preferred; a dose of about 15million IU/day, sc is more preferred. IL-12 is disclosed in WO96/25171and is available from Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, N.J. 07110-1199 andAmerican Home Prodocts, Madison, N.J. 07940; a dose of about 0.5microgram/kg/day to about 10 microgram/kg/day, sc is preferred.Pentafuside (DP-178, T-20) a 36-amino acid synthetic peptide, disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,933 licensed from Duke University to Trimeriswhich is developing pentafuside in collaboration with Duke University;pentafuside acts by inhibiting fusion of HIV-1 to target membranes.Pentafuside (3-100 mg /day) is given as a continuous sc infusion orinjection together with efavirenz and 2 PI's to HIV-1 positive patientsrefractory to a triple combination therapy; use of 100 mg/day ispreferred. Yissum Project No. 11607, a synthetic protein based on theHIV-1 Vif protein, is under preclinical development by Yissum ResearchDevelopment Co., Jerusalem 91042, Israel. Ribavirin,1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide, is available fromICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Costa Mesa, Calif.; its manufacture andformulation are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,771.

The term “anti-HIV-1 therapy” as used herein means any anti-HIV-1 drugfound useful for treating HIV-1 infections in man alone, or as part ofmultidrug combination therapies, especially the HAART triple andquadruple combination therapies. Typical suitable known anti-HIV-1therapies include, but are not limited to multidrug combinationtherapies such as (i) at least three anti-HIV-1 drugs selected from twoNRTIs, one PI, a second PI, and one NNRTI; and (ii) at least twoanti-HIV-1 drugs selected from NNRTIs and PIs. Typical suitableHAART—multidrug combination therapies include:

(a) triple combination therapies such as two NRTIs and one PI; or (b)two NRTIs and one NNRTI; and (c) quadruple combination therapies such astwo NRTIs , one PI and a second PI or one NNRTI. In treatment of naivepatients, it is preferred to start anti-HIV-1 treatment with the triplecombination therapy; the use of two NRTIs and one PI is prefered unlessthere is intolerance to PIs. Drug compliance is essential. The CD4⁺ andHIV-1-RNA plasma levels should be monitored every 3-6 months. Shouldviral load plateau, a fourth drug, e.g., one PI or one NNRTI could beadded. See the table below wherein typical therapies are furtherdescribed:

Anti-HIV-1 Multi Drug Combination Therapies

A. Triple Combination Therapies

-   1. Two NRTIs¹+one PI²-   2. Two NRTIs¹+one NNRTI³    B. Quadruple Combination Therapies⁴

Two NRTIs+one PI+a second PI or one NNRTI

C. Alternatives:⁵

-   -   Two NRTI¹    -   One NRTI⁵+one PI²    -   Two PIs⁶+one NRTI⁷ or NNRTI³    -   One PI²+one NRTI+one NNRTI³

Footnotes To Table

-   1. One of the following: zidovudine+lamivudine;    zidovudine+didanosine; stavudine+lamivudine; stavudine+didanosine;    zidovudine+zalcitabine-   2. Indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir or saquinavir soft gel capsules.-   3. Nevirapine or delavirdine.-   4. See A-M. Vandamne et al Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy 9:187    at p. 193-197 and FIGS. 1+2.-   5. Alternative regimens are for patients unable to take a    recommended regimen because of compliance problems or toxicity, and    for those who fail or relapse on a recommended regimen. Double    nucleoside combinations may lead to HIV-resistance and clinical    failure in many patients.-   6. Most data obtained with saquinavir and ritonavir (each 400 mg    bid).-   7. Zidovudine, stavudine or didanosine.

A preferred embodiment includes compounds wherein R⁹, R¹⁰ and B are H,and A is —CH₃.

Another preferred embodment includes, but are not limited to, compoundswherein R¹, R² and R³ are as defined in the following table:

TABLE 1 # R¹ R² R³ 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

CH₃

112

113

Preferred compounds from TABLE I above are shown below in TABLE IA:

TABLE IA # R¹ R² R³ 1

2

6

10

11

12

13

14

16

17

28

29

31

36

37

39

40

47

49

50

56

57

61

68

69

70

71

80

81

82

90

91

93

96

99

100

101

102

Even more preferably, the compounds of the present invention arerepresented by the following formulae:

The compound of the present invention, also referred to herein as theinventive compound, is particularly useful as a CCR5 antagonist.

Compounds of the invention can be made by the procedures known in theart, for example by the procedures described in the following reactionschemes, by the methods described in the examples below, and by usingthe methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,883,096; 6,037,352; 5,889,006;5,952,349; and 5,977,138.

The following solvents and reagents may be referred to herein by theabbreviations indicated: tetrahydrofuran (THF); ethanol (EtOH); methanol(MeOH); acetic acid (HOAc or AcOH); ethyl acetate (EtOAc);N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF); trifluoroacetic acid (TFA); trifluoroaceticanhydride (TFAA); 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HOBT); m-chloroperbenzoicacid (MCPBA); triethylamine (Et₃N); diethyl ether (Et₂O);tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC); 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU);dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA); potassiumbis(trimethylsilyl)-amide (KHMDA); 4-dimethylaminopryidine (DMAP);N,N,N-diiospropylethylamine (DIPEA); and1-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI). RTis room temperature.

Compounds of formula IA wherein X is CH₂ or N, R² is alkyl, aryl, orbenzyl, and R³ and R⁵ is as defined in the summary of the invention areprepared according to Scheme A.

For the synthesis of compounds of formula IA, 4-hydroxy-piperidine 1 andN-Boc-4-piperidone 2 are sequentially treated with titanium isopropoxideand diethyl aluminum cyanide to furnish the cyano-amine 3. Thecyano-amine 3 is treated with methyl magnesium bromide to furnish themethylated derivative 4. The piperidinol 4 is oxidized to the ketone 5by swern oxididation. The Boc group in 5 is removed by treatment with anacid such as TFA, and the free amine is coupled with acid such as R₃CO₂Husing standard conditions to furnish the keto-amide 6. The keto-amide 8is reacted with a substituted 4-amino piperidine 7 in the presence ofsodium triacetoxy borohydride to give the amine 8. The free amine in 8can be functionalized either by reductive amination (RCHO/Na(AcO)₃BH) oralkylation (NaH or Cs₂CO₃/R²X) to furnish compounds of formula IA.

Compounds of formula IIA where R², R³, R⁴, and M are as defined areprepared according to Schemes B, C and D as follows.

The keto-amide 5 is reacted with an amine 10 in the presence of sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride to furnish the functionalized amine 11. The amine11 can be alkylated either with NaH, Cs₂CO₃/R²X or Na(AcO)₃BH/RCHO tofurnish the tertiary amine 12. The Boc group in 12 can be removed withan acid such as HCl or TFA, and the resulting piperidine can be coupledto acids to furnish compounds of formula IB.

N-Boc-4-piperidone 2 is reacted with and amine (R²NH₂) in the presenceof Na(AcO)₃BH to furnish the amine 13. The amine 13 can be reacted witheither aryl or heteroaryl halides/triflates under palladium catalysis orCu(OAc)₂/(R⁴M)₃Bi to furnish the arylated amines 14. The Boc group in 14can be removed, and the second piperidine ring can be added according tothe procedure previously discussed (Scheme 1; Steps 1 and 2) to furnishthe piperidine 15. The Boc group in 15 is removed with an acid such asTFA or HCL, and the amine is coupled to an acid represented by R₃CO₂H tofurnish the compounds of formula IB.

The functionalized amine 11 can be reacted according to proceduresoutlined above in Scheme C to furnish compounds of formula IB.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds describedby this invention, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can beeither solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders,tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. Thepowders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percentactive ingredient. Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g.magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar or lactose.Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage formssuitable for oral administration. Examples of pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers and methods of manufacture for various compositionsmay be found in A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th Edition, (1990), Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.An example of this includes, but is not limited to, water orwater-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection or addition ofsweeteners and opacifiers for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions.Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasaladministration.

Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions andsolids in powder form, which may be in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas,e.g. nitrogen.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to beconverted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for eitheroral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions,suspensions and emulsions.

The compound of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally. Thetransdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosolsand/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of thematrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for thispurpose.

The compounds of this invention may also be deliverable subcutaneously.

Preferably the compound is administered orally.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form. Insuch form, the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit dosescontaining a therapeutically effective amount of the compound havingformula I.

The quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may bevaried or adjusted from about 10 mg to about 500 mg, preferably fromabout 25 mg to about 300 mg, more preferably from about 50 mg to about250 mg, and most preferably from about 55 mg to about 200 mg, accordingto the particular application.

The actual dosage of the inventive compound employed may be varieddepending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of thecondition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen fora particular situation is within the skill of the art. For convenience,the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portionsduring the day as required.

The amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of theinvention and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof will beregulated according to the judgment of the attending clinicianconsidering such factors as age, condition and size of the patient aswell as severity of the symptoms being treated. A typical recommendeddaily dosage regimen for oral administration can range from about 100mg/day to about 300 mg/day, preferably 150 mg/day to 250 mg/day, morepreferably about 200 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.

The doses and dosage regimens of the NRTIs, NNRTIs, P is and otheragents used in combination with the compounds of this invention will bedetermined by the attending clinician inview of the approved doses anddosage regimens in the package inserts or as set forth in the protocols,taking into consideration the age, sex and condition of the patient andthe severity of the condition treated.

In a preferred embodiment, the compound of the present invention can beused to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus by administering to a patientin need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of one ormore compounds having formula I, preferably in combination with one ormore pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. One or more, preferably oneto four, antiviral agents useful in anti-HIV-1 therapy can be used incombination with the compound of the present invention. The antiviralagent or agents can be combined with one or more compounds of thepresent invention in a single dosage form, or the one or more compoundsof the present invention and the antiviral agent or agents may beadministered simultaneously or sequentially as separate dosage forms.

The antiviral agents contemplated for use in combination with thecompound of the present invention comprise nucleoside and nucleotidereverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptaseinhibitors, protease inhibitors and other antiviral drugs listed belownot falling within these classifications. Specific examples of antiviralagents include, but are not limited to, zidovudine, lamivudine,zalcitabine, didanosine, stavudine, abacavir, adefovir dipivoxil,lobucavir, BCH-10652, emitricitabine, beta-L-FD4, DAPD, lodenosine,nevirapine, delaviridine, efavirenz, PNU-142721, AG-1549, MKC-442,(+)-calanolide A and B, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir,lasinavir, DMP-450, BMS-2322623, ABT-378, amprenavir, hydroxyurea,ribavirin, IL-2, IL-12, pentafuside, Yissum No.11607 and AG-1549. Inparticular, the combinations known as HAART are contemplated for use incombination with the compound of this invention.

For combination treatment with more than one active agent, where theactive agents are in separate dosage formulations, the active agents maybe administered separately or in conjunction. In addition, theadministration of one element may be prior to, concurrent to, orsubsequent to the administration of the other agent.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating solidorgan transplant rejection, graft v. host disease, arthritis, rheumatoidarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis,asthma, allergies or multiple sclerosis comprising administering to apatient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount ofone or more compounds of formula I, preferably in combination with oneor more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In another embodiment, themethod for treating solid organ transplant rejection, graft v. hostdisease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease or multiplesclerosis further comprises administering one or more other agentsuseful in the treatment of said diseases in combination with one or morecompounds of formula I.

Agents known in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, transplant andgraft v. host disease, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosiswhich can be administered in combination with the compound of thepresent invention are as follows:

solid organ transplant rejection and graft v. host disease: immunesuppressants such as cyclosporine and Interleukin-10 (IL-10),tacrolimus, antilymphocyte globulin, OKT-3 antibody, and steroids;

inflammatory bowel disease: IL-10 (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,854),steroids and azulfidine;

rheumatoid arthritis: methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide,steroids and mycophenolate mofetil;

multiple sclerosis: interferon-beta, interferon-alpha, and steroids.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a kit comprising in separatecontainers in a single package pharmaceutical composition for use incombination to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus. In one container, apharmaceutical composition comprises one or more compounds of formula Iin one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and in separatecontainers, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising aneffective amount of one or more antiviral agents or other agents usefulin the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

The goal of the HIV-1 therapy of the present invention is to reduce theHIV-1-RNA viral load below the detectable limit. The “detectable limitof HIV-1-RNA” in the context of the present invention means that thereare fewer than about 200 to fewer than about 50 copies of HIV-1-RNA perml of plasma of the patient as measured by quantitative, multi-cyclereverse transcriptase PCR methodology. HIV-1-RNA is preferably measuredin the present invention by the methodology of Amplicor-1 Monitor 1.5(available from Roche Diagnsotics) or of Nuclisens HIV-1 QT -1.

The following assays can be used to determine the CCR5 inhibitory andantagonistic activity of the compounds of the invention.

CCR5 Membrane Binding Assay:

A high throughput screen utilizing a CCR5 membrane binding assayidentifies inhibitors of RANTES binding. This assay utilizes membranesprepared from NIH 3T3 cells expressing the human CCR5 chemokine receptorwhich have the ability to bind to RANTES, a natural ligand for thereceptor. Using a 96-well plate format, membrane preparations areincubated with ¹²⁵I-RANTES in the presence or absence of compound forone hour. Compounds are serially diluted over a wide range of 0.001ug/ml to 1 ug/ml and tested in triplicates. Reaction cocktails areharvested through glass fiber filters, and washed thoroughly. Totalcounts for replicates are averaged and data reported as theconcentration required to inhibit 50 percent of total ¹²⁵I-RANTESbinding. Compounds with potent activity in the membrane binding assayare further characterized in seconday cell-based HIV-1 entry andreplication assays.

HIV-1 Entry Assay:

Replication defective HIV-1 reporter virions are generated bycotransfection of a plasmid encoding the NL4-3 strain of HIV-1 (whichhas been modified by mutation of the envelope gene and introduction of aluciferase reporter plasmid) along with a plasmid encoding one ofseveral HIV-1 envelope genes as described by Connor et al , Virology,206 (1995), p. 935944. Following transfection of the two plasmids bycalcium phosphate precipitation, the viral supernatants are harvested onday 3 and a functional viral titer determined. These stocks are thenused to infect U87 cells stably expressing CD4 and the chemokinereceptor CCR5 which have been preincubated with or without testcompound. Infections are carried out for 2 hours at 37° C., the cellswashed and media replaced with fresh media containing compound. Thecells are incubated for 3 days, lysed and luciferase activitydetermined. Results are reported as the concentration of compoundrequired to inhibit 50% of the luciferase activity in the controlcultures.

HIV-1 Replication Assay:

This assay uses primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells or the stableU87-CCR5 cell line to determine the effect of anti-CCR5 compounds toblock infection of primary HIV-1 strains. The primary lymphocytes arepurified from normal healthy donors and stimulated in vitro with PHA andIL-2 three days prior to infection. Using a 96-well plate format, cellsare pretreated with drug for 1 hour at 37° C. and subsequently infectedwith an M-tropic HIV-1 isolates. Following infection, the cells arewashed to remove residual inoculum and cultured in the presence ofcompound for 4 days. Culture supernatants are harvested and viralreplication measured by determination of viral p24 antigenconcentration.

Calcium Flux Assay:

Cells expressing the HIV coreceptor CCR5 are loaded with calciumsensitive dyes prior to addition of compound or the natural CCR5 ligand.Compounds with agonist properties will induce a calcium flux signal inthe cell, while the compounds of this invention are identified ascompounds which do not induce signaling by themselves but are capable ofblocking signaling by the natural ligand RANTES.

GTP□S Binding Assay (Secondary Membrane Binding Assay):

A GTP□S binding assay measures receptor activation by CCR5 ligands. Thisassay measures the binding of ³⁵S labeled-GTP to receptor coupledG-proteins that occurs as a result of receptor activation by anappropriate ligand. In this assay, the CCR5 ligand, RANTES, is incubatedwith membranes from CCR5 expressing cells and binding to the receptoractivation (or binding) is determined by assaying for bound ³⁵S label.The assay quantitatively determines if compounds exhibit agonistcharacteristics by inducing activation of the receptor or alternativelyantagonist properties by measuring inhibition of RANTES binding in acompetitive or non-competitive fashion.

Chemotaxis Assay:

The chemotaxis assay is a functional assay which characterizes theagonist vs. antagonist properties of the test compounds. The assaymeasures the ability of a non-adherent murine cell line expressing humanCCR5 (BaF-550) to migrate across a membrane in response to either testcompounds or natural ligands (i.e., RANTES, MIP-1β). Cells migrateacross the permeable membrane towards compounds with agonist activity.Compounds that are antagonists not only fail to induce chemotaxis, butare also capable of inhibiting cell migration in response to known CCR5ligands.

Luciferase Replication Assay:

Plasmids encoding the full length genome of HIV-1 pNL-4-Luc with thegp120 V-3 loop replaced by the Bgl II fragment of HIV-1 ADA, YU-2 or HxB(ADA-Luc-FL, YU-2-Luc-FL and HxB-Luc-FL) are obtained from Dr. SusanPontow (Washington University, St. Louis Mo.). Replication-competentluciferase reporter virus stocks are generated by transfection ofplasmids into 293T cells using Superfect (Qiagen) or Mirus transfectionreagents. Viral stocks are collected 48 hours following transfection andtitered for luciferase production on U-87-CCR5 or CXCR4 cells.U87-CD4-CCR5 cells (10⁴/well) are plated in 96-well cell culture platesand incubated overnight. Media is removed and replaced with 50 μl offresh culture media (DMEM, 10% FCS) and 50 μl of compound diluted inculture medium. Cells are incubated with compound at 37° C. for 1 hour.The resultant supernatant is removed and replaced with 20 μl of mediacontaining compound and infected with an equal volume of diluted orundiluted virus stock at 37° C. for 3-4 hours. The cells are washed oncewith DMEM, and 200 μl of media containing compound is added. Thecultures are incubated for 3 days, the cells lysed in luciferase lysisbuffer (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and transferred to Immulon plates (DynexTechnologies, Chantilly Va.). An equal volume of luciferase substrate(Promega, Madison Wis.) is added to lysates and the plates readimmediately in a Wallac Luminometer. Fifty and ninety percent inhibitoryconcentrations are determined using GraphPad PRISM software.

Compounds useful in this invention are exemplified by the followingpreparative examples, which should not be construed to limit the scopeof the disclosure. Alternative mechanistic pathways and analogousstructures within the scope of the invention may be apparent to thoseskilled in the art.

EXAMPLE 1

Step 1

4-Hydroxy-piperidine (1.0 g, 9.9 mmol) and N-Boc-4-piperidone (1.97 g,9.9 mmol), and Ti(OiPr)₄ (3.2 mL, 10.9 mmol) were taken up in CH₂Cl₂ andstirred at rt for 19 h. To this solution, 24 mL of Et₂AlCN (1.0 M intoluene) were added. The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 24 h.The solution was cooled and quenched with sat. NaHCO₃. The mixture wasdiluted with EtOAc and filtered through a plug of Celite. The filtercake was rinsed with EtOAc and H₂O. The layers were separated, and theaqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc layers werewashed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Filtration through Celite andconcentration gave a cyanide compound (2.84 g, 93%) as a solid.

Step 2

The cyanide compound from step 1 (2.84 g, 9.2 mmol) was taken up in THFand cooled to 0° C. Methyl magnesium bromide (15 mL of 3.0 M in diethylether) was added to the solution at 0° C. The solution was warmed to rtand stirred at that temperature for 16 h. The solution was cooled to 0°C. and quenched with 1 N NaOH_((aq.)). The mixture was filtered througha plug of Celite. The Celite was rinsed with EtOAc. The aqueous layerwas extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc layers were washed withbrine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Filtration through Celite and concentrationgave an alcohol (2.5 g, 90%) as an oil.

Step 3

DMSO (0.9 mL, 12.6 mmol) was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and cooled to −40° C.(CO₂/CH₃CN). Oxalyl chloride (1.1 mL, 12.6 mmol) was added dropwise tothe solution at −40° C. The solution was stirred at that temperature for20 minutes. The alcohol from step 2 (2.5 g, 8.39 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ wasadded to the solution at −40° C. The resulting solution was stirred atthat temperature for 30 minutes. Triethyl amine (3.5 mL, 25.2 mmol) wasadded to the solution at −40° C., and the resulting slurry was warmed tort. After 30 minutes, the solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washedwith 1 N NaOH_((aq.)). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Thecombined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated.Purification via flash chromatography (2/1 EtOAc/hexanes, SiO₂) gave2.15 grams (87%) of a ketone as an oil that slowly solidified.

Step 4

Boc-piperidine (2.0 g, 6.7 mmol) was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and TFA (7 mL)was added. The solution was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solution wasconcentrated. The resulting salt was taken up in H₂O and basified withNaOH. The solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The aqueous layer wasextracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated to furnish 1.1 g (85%) of deprotectedpiperidine.

The deprotected piperidine 1.1 g (5.6 mmol), EDCI hydrochloride (1.6 g),HOBT (1.2 g), diisoproplyethylamine (1.8 g), and4,6-dimethyl-3pyrimidine carboxylic acid (1.1 g) were taken up in CH₂Cl₂and stirred at rt for 16 h. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ andwashed with 1 N NaOH_((aq.)). The aqueous layer was extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄. Filtrationthrough Celite and concentration gave 0.94 g (51%) of amide as a foam.

Step 5

The amide from step 4 (0.94 g, 2.8 mmol), 4-amino-N-benzyl piperidine(0.5 g), Na(AcO)₃BH (0.84 g), and HOAc (0.26 g) were taken up in CH₂Cl₂and stirred at rt for 2 h. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ andwashed with 1 N NaOH_((aq.)). The aqueous layer was extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄. Filtrationthrough Celite and concentration gave an oil. Purification via flashchromatography (gradient: CH₂Cl₂-2% [7 N NH₃ in MeOH] in CH₂Cl₂-4% [7 NNH₃ in MeOH][in CH₂Cl₂, SiO₂) gave 1.2 g (84%) of amine as an oil. MS(FAB) 505.4 (MH+).

Step 6

The amine from step 5 (0.10 g, 0.20 mmol), benzaldehyde (0.06 g), andNa(AcO)₃BH (0.12 g) were taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and stirred at rt for 15 h.More benzaldehyde (0.06 g) and Na(AcO)₃BH (0.12 g) were added to thereaction. The reaction was stirred for an additional 15 h. The solutionwas diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with 1 N NaOH_((aq.)). The aqueouslayer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were driedover Na₂SO₄. Filtration through Celite and concentration gave an oil.Purification via preparative layer chromatography (7% [7 N NH₃ in MeOHin CH₂Cl₂, SiO₂) gave 0.025 g (21%) of the product shown above in thisexample. MS (FAB) 595.5 (MH+).

The compounds shown below in Table 2 were prepared in a similar fashionas outlined above.

The compounds shown below in Table 2 were prepared in a similar fashionas oulined above for Example 1.

TABLE 2 HIV Replication HRMS (luciferase) found # Structure IC50 nM(MH⁺) 1

0.1 679.3197 2

0.8 583.3428 3

32 643.3185 4

1.7 595.4115 5

2.1 679.3184 6

0.9 679.3181 7

3 609.3598

This series concentrates on when M=aryl or hetero-aryl. Most preferredare when R² is benzyl, phenyl, and cyclopropylmethyl.

EXAMPLE 2

Step 1

4-Bromo aniline (8.3 g, 48 mmol), N-Boc-4-piperidone (8.0 g, 40 mmol),Na(AcO)₃BH (12.7 g, 60 mmol), and ACOH (3.5 mL, 60 mmol) were taken upin CH₂Cl₂ and stirred at 25° C. (17 h). The solution was diluted withCH₂Cl₂ and quenched with 1 N NaOH. The aqueous layer was extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered andconcentrated. Purification via recrystallization (CH₂Cl₂/hexanes) gave10.2 g (72%) of an amine product.

Step 2

The amine (1.5 g, 4.22 mmol), benzyl bromide (0.74 mL, 6.3 mmol), NaH(250 mg of a 60 wt % dispersion in oil), and KI (350 mg, 2.11) weretaken up in DME and stirred at 100° C. (18 h). The solution was cooledand partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. The aqueous layer was extractedwith EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried(MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration followed by purification via flashchromatography (4/1 hexanes/Et₂O, SiO₂) gave 528 mg (28%) of a benzylamine product.

Step 3

The benzyl amine product from step 2 and 4.0 M HCl in dioxane (5 mL)were taken up in MeOH, and the solution was stirred at 25° C. for 18hours. The solution was concentrated. The residue was partitionedbetween CH₂Cl₂ and 1 N NaOH. The aqueous layer was extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄. Filtrationand concentration gave 314 mg (77%) of a free amine product.

Step 4

The free amine product from step 3 was treated sequentially with 1)N-Boc-4-piperidone (181 mg, 0.91 mmol)/Ti(OiPr)₄(0.32 mL, 1.1 mmol) and2) EtAlCN (1.1 mL of a 1.0 M solution in toluene) according to theconditions described above in Step 1 of Example 1. After work-up, 500 mg(Quant.) of a cyano-amine was obtained.

Step 5

The cyano-amine from step 4 was treated with MeMgBr (1.5 mL of a 3.0 Msolution in Et₂O) according to the conditions described above in Step 2of Example 1. Purification via preparative thin-layer chromatography(2/1 hexanes/EtOAc, SiO₂) gave 344 mg (70%) of the amine as a colorlessoil.

Step 6

The amine from step 5 and 4.0 M HCl in dioxane (4 mL) were taken up inMeOH and stirred at 25° C. for 17 hours. The solution was concentrated.The HCl salt of the deprotected amine was used as is in the next step.

Step 7

The HCl salt from step 6, EDCI hydrochloride (169 mg, 0.88 mmol), HOBT(119 mg, 0.88 mmol), and iPr₂NEt (1.5 mL, 8.8 mmol), and4,6-dimethyl-3-pyrimidine carboxylic acid (134 mg, 0.88 mmol) were takenup in CH₃CN and stirred at 25° C. for 20 hours. The solution wasconcentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc and 1 N NaOH.The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc layerswere washed with brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. Filtration andconcentration followed by purification via preparative, thin-layerchromatography (30/1 CH₂Cl₂/7 N NH₃, SiO₂) gave 172 mg (68%) of Compound8. The amide was taken up in EtOAc and was precipitated as the HCl saltupon addition of 2.0M HCl in Et₂O. m.p. (HCl salt): 168-170 C. HRMS(MH+) calc'd for 576.2338; Found: 576.2331.

The following compounds were prepared via similar procedures:

TABLE 3 HIV Ex- Replication HRMS am- (luciferase) found ple StructureIC50 nM (MH⁺) 9

3 498.3233 10

0.5 566.3099 11

0.2 582.3064 12

0.2 532.2850 13

0.2 567.3063 14

0.1 516.3034 15

10 673.3375 16

0.5 658.3377 17

0.1 576.2331 18

0.1 532.2832 19

0.5 594.2235 20

0.2 566.3116 21

1 554.3849 22

0.2 540.3713 23

0.1 624.2203 24

0.2 582.3067 25

0.1 534.3053 26

0.3 566.2460 27

0.1 550.2753 28

0.22 590.2500 29

0.1 562.2959 30

0.26 578.2314 31

0.44 516.3151 32

1.7 566.2464 33

0.53 528.3349 34

10 634.2993 35

2 600.2712 36

0.1 534.3040 37

0.1 528.3348 38

3 646.2207 39

0.1 512.3383 40

<0.1 542.3489 41

<0.1 526.3541 42

0.8 516.3142 43

2 590.3502 44

0.1 523.3180 45

0.9 538.3765 46

2 578.3603 47

0.05 619.3441 48

0.8 709.3915 49

0.4 583.3756 50

1 576.2998 51

0.32 583.2961 52

1 629.2440 53

0.6 549.3349 54

0.6 625.3853 55

3.5 541.3663 56

0.2 645.3600 57

0.4 687.3323 58

2 582.3459 59

4 542.3118 60

27 542.3136 61

0.5 541.3283 62

4 611.3705 63

6 597.3910 64

4 557.3230 65

2 617.3610 66

1 631.3769 67

6 585.3561 68

2 581.3598

EXAMPLE 3

Step 1

3-Amino-6(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (1.0 g, 6.2 mmol), N-Boc-4-piperidone(1.5 g, 7.4 mmol), Na(AcO)₃BH (2.0 g, 9.3 mmol), and AcOH (0.35 mL, 6.2mmol) were taken up in 1,2-dichloroethane and stirred at 55° C. for 17hours. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and quenched with 1 N NaOH.The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layerswere dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to furnish a yellow oil.The residue was resubjected to the reaction conditions for 20 hours.After workup, a yellow oil was obtained. The amine product was purifiedvia recrystallization (CH₂Cl₂/hexanes) to give 1.6 g (75%) of the amine.

Step 2

The amine from step 1 (500 mg, 1.45 mmol), Ph₃Bi (1.28 g, 2.9 mmol),Cu(OAc)₂ (530 mg, 2.9 mmol), and Et₃N (0.40 mL, 2.9 mmol) were taken upin toluene and heated at 90° C. for 18 hours. More Ph₃Bi, Cu(OAc)₂, andEt₃N were added, and the reaction was stirred at 90° C. (48 h). Thesolution was filtered through Celite and concentrated. Purification viaflash chromatography (3/1 hexanes/EtOAc, SiO₂) gave 352 mg (58%) of thediphenyl amine as a colorless oil.

Steps 3,4,5,6 and 7

The Boc amine from step 2 was converted into the pyrimidine amidefollowing steps 3-7 described above in Example 2AD. Purification viapreparative thin layer chromatography (3/1 hexanes/acetone, SiO2) gave49 mg of Compound 69. HRMS (MH+) calc'd for 553.2903: Found, 553.2907.m.p. (HCl): 189-193 C. IC₅₀=0.11 nm

The following compounds were prepared via similar procedures:

TABLE 4 HIV Replication (luciferase) HRMS Example SCH Structure IC50 nMfound (MH⁺) 70

1 568.2905 71

0.6 563.2143 72

0.3 484.3080 73

0.3 518.2695 74

10 462.3235 75

38 512.3396 76

0.2 553.2912 77

7 485.3033 78

1 519.2632 79

1 502.2989 80

2 499.3180 81

3 659.3199 82

0.1 644.3220 83

0.05 644.3226 84

10 590.3490 85

2 504.3696 86

75 499.3193 87

0.1 56202194 88

5 577.2297 89

0.8 577.2286 90

3.4 499.3180 91

0.12 548.2795 92

4.1 552.2293 93

0.21 502.2975 94

1 514.3178 95

2 632.2051 96

0.3 498.3226 97

0.3 579.2271 98

2 582.2808 99

0.3 528.3343 100

0.1 512.3386 101

0.1 520.2890 102

0.3 514.3178 103

2 546.2297 104

3 502.2975 105

5 576.3334 106

1 504.3696 107

1 610.2057

EXAMPLE 4

Step 1

The ketone 5 (5.0 g, 16.9 mmol), benzyl amine (1.67 mL, 15.3 mmol),Na(AcO)₃BH (3.89 g, 18.4 mmol), and ACOH (1.1 mL, 18.4 mL) were taken upin CH₂Cl₂ and stirred at 25° C. for 18 hours. The solution was dilutedwith CH₂Cl₂ and quenched with 1 N NaOH. The aqueous layer was extractedwith CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄). Filtrationand concentration followed by purification via flash chromatography(20/1 CH₂Cl₂/7 N NH₃ in MeOH, SIO₂) gave 5.79 g (97%) of an amineproduct.

Step 2

The amine from step 1 (200 mg, 0.52 mmol), 4-bromo-pyridine HCl (202 mg,1.04 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (23 mg, 0.1 mmol), P(tBu)₃ (84 mg, 0.42 mmol), andNaOtBu (200 mg, 2.1 mmol) were taken up in toluene and heated at 110° C.for 17 hours. The solution was cooled and partitioned between EtOAc andwater. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organiclayers were washed with brine and dried in Na₂SO₄. Filtration andconcentration followed by purification via preparative thin-layerchromatography (30/1 CH₂Cl₂/7N NH₃ in MeOH SiO₂) gave 129 mg (54%) of anamino-pyridine product.

Steps 3 and 4

The Boc amine from step 2 is treated according to the proceduresdescribed above in steps 6 and 7 in Example 2. Purification viapreparative thin-layer chromatography (30/1 CH₂Cl₂/7 N NH₃ in MeOH,SiO2) gave 95 mg (68%) of an amide product (Compound 108). The amide wastaken up in EtOAc and was precipitated as the HCl salt upon addition of2.0M HCl in Et₂O. m.p. (HCl salt): 182-189 C. HRMS (MH+) calc'd for499.3185; Found: 499.3181. IC₅₀=0.8 nm

The following compound was prepared via similar procedures:

TABLE 5 HIV Replication (luciferase) HRMS Example Structure IC50 nMfound (MH⁺) 109

0.3 499.3180

EXAMPLE 5

Step 1

8-Amino quinoline (1.0 g, 6.9 mmol), ketone 5 (3.08 g, 10.4 mmol), AcOH(1.1 mL, 19.3 mmol), and Na(AcO)₃BH (2.9 g, 10.4 mmol) were taken up in30 mL ClCH₂CH₂Cl and stirred at 25° C. for 16 hours. The solution wasdiluted with CH₂Cl₂ and quenched with 1M NaOH. The aqueous layer wasextracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified viaflash chromatography (gradient 2:1-1:1 hexanes/EtOAc) to afford 2.66 g(91%) of an aniline product.

Step 2

The aniline (85 mg, 0.20 mmol), propanal (23 mg, 0.4 mmol), andNa(AcO)₃BH were taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). The solution was allowed tostir at 25° C. for 16 hours. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ andquenched with 1 M NaOH. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Thecombined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated to afford 100 mg of a tertiary amine. The product was usedwithout further purification.

Step 3

The Boc carbamate and 4.0 M HCl in dioxane (2 mL) were taken up in MeOH(4 mL) and the solution was stirred at 25° C. for 3 hours. The solutionwas concentrated. The HCl salt of the deprotected amine produced herehere was used as is in the next step.

Step 4

The HCl salt from step 3, EDCI hydrochloride (61 mg, 0.032 mmol), HOBt(43 mg, 0.032 mmol), iPr₂Net (0.365 mL, 2.1 mmol), and4,6-dimethyl-3-pyrimidine carboxylic acid (49 mg, 0.32 mmol) were takenup in MeCN (2 mL) and stirred at 25° C. for 24 hours. The solution wasconcentrated. The residue was parttioned between EtOAc and 1 N NaOH. Theaqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers werewashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated.Purification via preparative, thin-layer chromagotraphy (95/5CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) gave 60 mg (57%) of an amide product (Compound 110). Theamide was taken up in EtOAc and was precipitated as the HCl salt uponaddition of 2.0 M HCl in Et₂O. m.p. (HCl salt): 181° C. (decomposition).HRMS (MH+) calc'd 501.3342; found: 501.3349. IC₅₀=23 nm

EXAMPLE 6

Step 1

8-amino quinoline (4.5 g, 31.3 mmol), N-chlorosuccinimide (4.80 g, 36mmol) was taken up in iPrOH (50 mL) at 60° C. The mixture was heated toreflux and stirred for 20 min. The solution was cooled to 25° C. andconcentrated to ⅓ original volume. The mixture was partitioned betweenCH₂Cl₂ and water. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Thecombined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography(5:1 hexanes/EtOAc) to afford 1.90 g (34%) of a8-amino-4-chloroquinoline product.

Step 2

The quinoline (1.28 g, 7.2 mmol) (3.18 g, 10.7 mmol), ACOH (1.16 mL,20.1 mmol), and Na(AcO)₃BH (3.05 g, 14.4 mmol) were taken up in 30 mLClCH₂CH₂Cl and stirred at 25° C. for 16 hours. The solution was dilutedwith CH₂Cl₂ and quenched with 1M NaOH. The aqueous layer was extractedwith CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified via flashchromatography (2:1 hexanes/EtOAc) to afford 2.0 g (61%) of thequinoline as a yellow oil/foam.

Step 3

The quinoline from step 2(144 mg, 031 mmol), methyl iodide (67 mg, 0.47mmol), and cesium carbonate (153 mg, 0.47 mmol) was taken up in DMF (3mL) in a sealed tube and heated to 100° C. for 24 hours. The mixture wascooled to 25° C. and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washedwith water followed by brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified viapreparative, thin-layer chromagotraphy (2:1 hexanes/EtOAc) to afford 14mg (10%) of a methylated amine product.

Step 4

The product of step 3 was treated as described above for Example 5(steps 3 and 4) to furnish the crude pyrimidine amide. Purification viapreparative, thin-layer chromagotraphy (99:1 95/5 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH:7 N NH₃ inMeOH) gave 8 mg (53%) of Compound 111. The amide was taken up in EtOAcand was precipitated as the HCl salt upon addition of 2.0 M HCl in Et₂O.m.p. (HCl salt): 164-167° C. (decomposition). HRMS (MH+) calc'd507.2639; found: 507.2634.

EXAMPLE 7

Step 1

Compound 108 (10.5 grams) and TFA (20 mL) were taken up in CH₂Cl₂ andstirred at 25 C for 12 hours. The solution was concentrated, and theresidue was partitioned beween CH₂Cl₂ and 1 N NaOH. The aqueous layerwas extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄). Filtration and concentration gave an amine product.

Step 2

The amine from step 1,4,6-dimethyl-3-pyrimidine carboxylic acid (6 g),EDCI (8.6 g), and iPr₂NEt (7.8 g) were taken up in CH₃CN and stirred at25° C. for 10 hours. The solution was concentrated, and the residue waspartitioned beween EtOAc and 1 N NaOH. The aqueous layer was extractedwith CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were washed with brine anddried (Na₂SO₄). Purification via flash chromatography (3%-5% MeOH inCH₂Cl₂, SiO₂) gave 4.9 grams of a pyrimidine-ketone product.

Step 3

The ketone from step 2 (1.65 g, 4.99 mmol), Na(OAc)₃BH (2.1 g), AcOH (1g), and (+/−)-3-amino-N-Boc-piperidine (1 g) were taken up in CH₂Cl₂ andstirred at 25° C. for 48 hours. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ andwashed with 1 N NaOH. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Thecombined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄). Filtration andconcentration followed by purification via flash chromatography (3%-10%7N NH₃ in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, SiO₂) gave 1.7 g (66%) of an amine product.

Step 4

The amine from step 3 (400 mg), benzyl bromide (0.2 mL), Cs₂CO₃ (1 g),and KI (10 mg) were heated in DMF at 100 C for 12 hours. The solutionwas partitioned between EtOAc and water. The aqueous layer was exractedwith EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried(Na₂SO₄). Filtration and concentration followed by purification viaflash chromatography (3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, SiO₂) gave 300 mg of a benzylamine product.

Step 5

The amine from step 4 (300 mg) and 4.0M HCl in dioxane (10 mL) weretaken up in MeOH and stirred at 25° C. for 10 hours. The solution wasconcentrated. The residue was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂. The aqueouslayer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄). Filtration and concentration gave 200 mg of a deprotectedamine product.

Step 6

The amine from step 5 (100 mg) and cyclopropylsulfonyl chloride (50 mg)were partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and 1 N NaOH. The mixture was stirredvigorously at 25° C. for 2 h. The layers were separated and the aqueouslayer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layers were driedwith Na₂SO₄. Filtration and concentration followed by purification viapreparative thin-layer chromatography (9% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, SiO₂) gave 50mg of amide product (Compound 112). The amide was taken up in EtOAc andwas precipitated as the HCl salt upon addition of 2.0M HCl in Et₂O. m.p.(HCl salt): 190-195° C. HRMS (MH+) calc'd for 609.3587; Found: 609.3578.IC₅₀=30 nm The following compound was prepared via similar procedures:

TABLE 6 HIV Replication (luciferase) HRMS Example Structure IC50 nMfound (MH⁺) 113

40 583.3422

While the present invention has been described in conjunction with thespecific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modificationsand variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill inthe art. All such alternatives, modifications and variations areintended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

1. A compound represented by the structural formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: R¹is

R² is benzyl or 4-fluorobenzyl; R³ selected from the group consisting of6-membered heteroaryl, and 6-membered heteroaryl-N-oxide, wherein said,6-membered heteroaryl or heteroaryl-N-oxide is pyrimidine orpyrimidine-N-oxide respectively, each of which is optionally substitutedwith 1-4 substituents which can be the same or different and, areindependently selected from the group consisting of R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴and R¹⁵; R⁴ is 1-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of H,halo, alkyl, haloalkyt, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, amide, CF₃, OCF₃, aryl,heteroaryl, —XR⁷, —CN, —CO₂H, —CO₂R²², R⁸-aryl(C₁-C₆)alky-,R⁸-heteroaryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —C(O)NR²¹R²², —C(O)NH₂, wherein R⁴ can bethe same or different and is independently selected when there is morethan one R⁴ present; R⁷is selected from the group consisting of arylsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl; R⁸ is 1,2 or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of H, halo,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —CF₃, —OCF₃, CH₃C(O)—, —CN, CH₃SO₂—,CF₃SO₂— and —NH₂, wherein R⁸ can be the same or different and isindependently selected when there are more than one R⁸ present; R⁹, R¹⁰and B can be the same or different and are each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and—(C₁-C₆)heteroalkyl; R¹¹ and R¹² can be the same or different and areeach independently selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, halogen, —NR¹⁹R²⁶, —OH, CF₃, —OCH₃, —O-acyl, and—OCF₃; R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R¹¹, H,phenyl, NO₂, —CN, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CHO, —CH═NOR¹⁹, pyridyl-N-oxide,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, N(R²⁰)CO N R²⁰R²¹, —NHCONH(chloro-(C₁-C₆)alkyl), —NHCONH ((C₃-C₁₀)-cycloalkyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl),—NHCO(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —NHCOCF₃, —NHCOCF₃, —NHSO₂N((C₁-C₆)alkyl,—NHSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —N(SO₂CF₃)2, —NHCO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl,—SR²², SOR²², —SO₂R²², —SO₂N H(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —OSO₂(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —OSO₂CF₃,hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —CONR¹⁹R²⁰, —CON (CH₂CH₂—O—CH₃)₂,—OCONH(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —CO₂R¹⁹, Si(CH₃)₃ and —B(OC(CH₃)₂)₂; R¹⁴ is selectedfrom the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl —NH₂ andR¹⁵-phenyl; R¹⁵ is 1-3 substituents selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —CF₃, —CO₂R²⁰, —CN,(C₁-C₆)alkoxy and halogen; wherein R¹⁵ can be the same or different andis independently selected when there are more than one R¹⁵ present; R¹⁹,R²⁰ and R²¹ can each be the same or different and are each independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl and(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl; R²² is selected from the group consisting of—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, —(C₂-C₆)hydroxyalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkylene,(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, aryl and aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl-; A is selected from thegroup consisting of H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, M is aryloptionally substituted with R⁴; and X is selected from the groupconsisting of CH₂, SO₂, SO, S, and O, with the following proviso: whenR¹ is phenyl, or naphthyl, R² cannot be H, (C₁-C₆)alkyf or—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alky.
 2. A compound having the structural formula Iaccording to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein R⁹, R¹⁰ and B are H, A is —CH₃, and R¹, R² and R³ are as definedin the following table: # R¹ R² R³ 8

9

10

11

12

14

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

50

59

60

61

63

65

66

67

68

.


3. A compound according to claim 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein R¹, R² and R³ each represent: # R¹ R² R³ 10

11

12

14

17

28

29

31

36

37

39

40

50

61

68


4. A compound according to claim 3 represented by the structuralformulae:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 5. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising one or more compounds of claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 6. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising one or more compounds of claim 4 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 7. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 5 further comprising one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
 8. The pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 6 further comprising one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 5, wherein said pharmaceutical composition contains atherapeutically effective amount of said one or more compounds or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 10. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 6, wherein said pharmaceuticalcomposition contains a therapeutically effective amount of said one ormore compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.